![green epidote crystal val malenco valtellina italy green epidote crystal val malenco valtellina italy](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/macro/thumbs/thumbs_epidoto-sissone.jpg)
![vesuvianite val malenco valtellina italy vesuvianite val malenco valtellina italy](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/macro/thumbs/thumbs_vesuviana-val-lanterna-3.jpg)
![vesuvianite val malenco valtellina italy vesuvianite val malenco valtellina italy](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/macro/thumbs/thumbs_vesuviana-val-lanterna.jpg)
![geode calcedonio brasil (2).JPG geode calcedonio brasil (2).JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/south-america/thumbs/thumbs_geode-calcedonio-brasil-2.jpg)
![geode calcedonio brasil.JPG geode calcedonio brasil.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/south-america/thumbs/thumbs_geode-calcedonio-brasil.jpg)
![magnetite brasil.JPG magnetite brasil.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/south-america/thumbs/thumbs_magnetite-brasil.jpg)
![quartz japanese geminate brasil.JPG quartz japanese geminate brasil.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/south-america/thumbs/thumbs_quartz-japanese-geminate-brasil.jpg)
![azurite morocco.JPG azurite morocco.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/africa/thumbs/thumbs_azurite-morocco-2.jpg)
![calcite morocco.JPG calcite morocco.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/africa/thumbs/thumbs_calcite-morocco.jpg)
![carollite.JPG carollite.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/africa/thumbs/thumbs_carollite.jpg)
![celestine madagascar.JPG celestine madagascar.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/africa/thumbs/thumbs_celestine-madagascar.jpg)
![cerussite barite morocco.JPG cerussite barite morocco.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/africa/thumbs/thumbs_cerussite-barite-morocco.jpg)
![malachite Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) Lukuni Mine in Katanga Province.JPG malachite Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) Lukuni Mine in Katanga Province.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/africa/thumbs/thumbs_malachite-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-formerly-zaire-lukuni-mine-in-katanga-province.jpg)
![vanadinite morocco.JPG vanadinite morocco.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/africa/thumbs/thumbs_vanadinite-morocco.jpg)
![almandine gilgit pakistan.JPG almandine gilgit pakistan.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/asia/thumbs/thumbs_almandine-gilgit-pakistan.jpg)
![fluorite china.JPG fluorite china.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/asia/thumbs/thumbs_fluorite-china.jpg)
![fluorite india.JPG fluorite india.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/asia/thumbs/thumbs_fluorite-india.jpg)
![hematite rose on quartz china.JPG hematite rose on quartz china.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/asia/thumbs/thumbs_hematite-rose-on-quartz-china.jpg)
![lapislazzuli afganistan.JPG lapislazzuli afganistan.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/asia/thumbs/thumbs_lapislazzuli-afganistan.jpg)
![quartz epidote china.JPG quartz epidote china.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/asia/thumbs/thumbs_quartz-epidote-china.jpg)
![topaz pakistan.JPG topaz pakistan.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/asia/thumbs/thumbs_topaz-pakistan.jpg)
![topaz quartz pakistan.JPG topaz quartz pakistan.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/asia/thumbs/thumbs_topaz-quartz-pakistan.jpg)
![tormaline pakistan.JPG tormaline pakistan.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/asia/thumbs/thumbs_tormaline-pakistan.jpg)
![zircone pakistan.JPG zircone pakistan.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/asia/thumbs/thumbs_zircone-pakistan.jpg)
![analcime sardegna,Italy.JPG analcime sardegna,Italy.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_analcime-sardegnaitaly.jpg)
![andradite garnet isola d'elba,Italy.JPG andradite garnet isola d'elba,Italy.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_andradite-garnet-isola-delbaitaly.jpg)
![aragonite spagna.JPG aragonite spagna.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_aragonite-spain.jpg)
![calcite italy.JPG calcite italy.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_calcite-italy.jpg)
![calcite valtellina,Italy (2).JPG calcite valtellina,Italy (2).JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_calcite-valtellinaitaly-2.jpg)
![calcite valtellina,Italy (4).JPG calcite valtellina,Italy (4).JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_calcite-valtellinaitaly-4.jpg)
![calcite valtellina,Italy.JPG calcite valtellina,Italy.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_calcite-valtellinaitaly.jpg)
![epidote valmalenco,Italy.JPG epidote valmalenco,Italy.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_epidote-valmalencoitaly.jpg)
![grossularia liguria,Italy.JPG grossularia liguria,Italy.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_grossularia-liguriaitaly.jpg)
![hessonite adamello,Italy.JPG hessonite adamello,Italy.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_hessonite-adamelloitaly.jpg)
![orthoclase quartz elba island,Italy.JPG orthoclase quartz elba island,Italy.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_orthoclase-quartz-elba-islanditaly.jpg)
![pyromorphite sardegna,Italy.JPG pyromorphite sardegna,Italy.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_pyromorphite-sardegnaitaly.jpg)
![quartz emilia romagna,Italy.JPG quartz emilia romagna,Italy.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_quartz-emilia-romagnaitaly.jpg)
![quartz formazza,Italy.JPG quartz formazza,Italy.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_quartz-formazzaitaly.jpg)
![quartz rodocrosite romania.JPG quartz rodocrosite romania.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/europe/thumbs/thumbs_quartz-rodocrosite-romania.jpg)
![apatite messico.JPG apatite messico.JPG](https://www.mineralfossil.com/wp-content/gallery/north-america/thumbs/thumbs_apatite-messico.jpg)
A team of researchers has created a way to quickly and remotely evaluate fluid flow in subsurface fractures that could impact aquifers, oil and gas extraction, sequestration of greenhouse gases or nuclear waste and remediation of leaked contaminants.
Laura Pyrak-Nolte and David Nolte, both professors of physics at Purdue University, found a nearly universal scaling relationship between fracture stiffness and fluid flow that applies to low porosity rock, or roughly more than 50 percent of all rock on Earth.
Through this mathematical relationship the pair created a tool that, through a fracture’s stiffness and depth, can reveal its potential fluid flow rate, which can be used to predict flow path and evaluate the hydraulic integrity of a site.
It has been difficult to create a universal way to evaluate fractures because of the wide range of sizes, from microns to kilometers. In addition, fractures in the Earth are dynamic and subject to frequent changes in stress, chemistry and fluid pressures, said Pyrak-Nolte, who led the work.
“When you look at all of these very different fractures, it seems like each would be different and the rates at which fluid could flow through them would be different,” she said. “Now we have found the single underlying physical principle that explains them all.”
The team also showed that high frequency wave measurement, in which seismic waves are used like radar to provide the basic dimensions of a fracture, can be used to obtain the stiffness of a fracture. When this technology is paired with the new scaling law, it allows for a remote scan of a fracture to reveal the potential fluid flow at a particular site and also to monitor potential changes in fluid flow at a site over time, Pyrak-Nolte said.
The findings are detailed in a paper in the journal Nature Communications that is currently available online.
Throughout her career Pyrak-Nolte has studied fractures in the Earth’s subsurface and has developed tools and gathered information that led to this finding.
“Through decades of study of fractures and related science, we were able to pull together all of the threads and see the pattern in the tapestry,” said Pyrak-Nolte who also has courtesy appointments in the Lyles School of Civil Engineering and the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. “I think this is a good example of the importance of long-term funding. Without the long-term support of the Department of Energy, I wouldn’t have had the steady exposure in this area necessary to arrive at the creation of a very useful and practical tool.”
Fractures have been considered one of the most difficult things to deal with in subsurface activities and their study has been a major area of focus for the DOE, said Nolte, who is Purdue’s Edward M. Purcell Distinguished Professor of Physics.
“The units of measurement that describe the different fracture properties span 10 orders of magnitude, which means fluid flow varies by 10 orders of magnitude or more — fractures are mathematically all over the place,” he said. “If you had asked me just one year ago, I would have said there may not be a single relationship to bring it all together. We thought it might be different for each class of fracture. However, once we figured out the parameters and keys to linking them together, the data collapsed into one beautiful curve. It is amazing how radically different topologies can be and yet still be described by the same physical principle.”
The researchers created mathematical functions that tie together mechanical and hydraulic properties of the fractures. From these mathematical functions they were able to create a graph in which one can use a fracture’s stiffness to pinpoint where it falls in a curve describing fluid flow. The information and graph is freely available.
The team also looked at what would happen if a fracture eroded, as could occur during carbon sequestration, and found that the scaling law still held, Pyrak-Nolte said.
The stiffness of a fracture depends on the points of contact of the two surfaces involved. The more points of contact, the more stable or stiff the fracture. The key to linking this stiffness with fluid flow rate was the geometry, because both characteristics depended on a shared geometry, Nolte said.
The duo ran more than 3,600 simulations for each fracture type using Purdue’s Rosen Center for Advanced Computing.
“For years this was our hypothesis and now it has finally been demonstrated,” he said. “In the past people used averages from among the many different classes of fractures to inform their decisions, but these averages missed key points. Now we have a functional framework of how to treat fractures of different depths that captures important nuances.”
In the future, the team hopes to further validate the methods at a field site with known fractures and to pursue the creation of a similar framework for the behavior of networks of fractures.
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Purdue University.